BIOMARKER CATEGORIES
Effective biomarker selection connects in vitro findings to clinical outcomes. Choose biomarkers based on clinical relevance, measurability in your system, and regulatory acceptance. Translational biomarkers measurable in both organoids and patient samples enable direct comparison between preclinical predictions and clinical response.
ORGAN-SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS
- Liver: Albumin, urea, ALT/AST, bile acids, CYP450 activity, GLDH
- Heart: Troponin I/T, BNP, calcium transients, action potential duration
- Kidney: KIM-1, NGAL, creatinine, cystatin C, clusterin
- Gut: TEER, Papp, LPS translocation, claudin-2, cytokines (IL-6, IL-8)
- Lung: SP-D, CC16, mucin production, ciliary beat frequency
TOXICITY BIOMARKERS
- Cell Death: LDH release, caspase activation, ATP depletion
- Oxidative Stress: ROS, GSH depletion, Nrf2 activation
- ER Stress: BiP/GRP78, CHOP, spliced XBP1
- Mitochondrial: Membrane potential, cytochrome c release, mtDNA
- Inflammation: IL-1ÎČ, TNF-α, IL-6, NF-ÎșB activation
MULTIPLEXING STRATEGY
Modern platforms enable multiplex biomarker measurement from limited sample volumes. Combine functional readouts (barrier, metabolism) with secreted biomarkers (ELISA) and imaging endpoints (live/dead, immunofluorescence). Panel selection should balance breadth with assay validation requirements for regulatory submissions.